Low Sperm Count: Causes, Testing, Treatment and Ways to Support Fertility
Low sperm count is one possible factor in male infertility, but fertility is more complicated than simply having a particular number of sperm.
A person can have a low sperm count and still contribute to a pregnancy. Likewise, having a sperm count within a reference range does not guarantee fertility.
Sperm movement, shape, semen quality, reproductive health and the fertility of both partners can all affect the chance of conception.
If you are concerned about fertility, proper medical assessment is much more useful than relying on foods, supplements or products advertised as “sperm boosters.”
What Is a Low Sperm Count?
Sperm are reproductive cells produced in the testicles and released in semen during ejaculation.
A lower-than-expected concentration of sperm in semen is commonly called a low sperm count or oligospermia.
A complete absence of sperm from semen is called azoospermia.
But sperm count is only one component of semen quality.
A semen analysis can also assess characteristics such as:
- sperm concentration,
- total sperm number,
- sperm movement, known as motility,
- sperm shape, known as morphology,
- semen volume,
- and other characteristics.
A single number should therefore not be used to judge someone's entire fertility potential.
Low Sperm Count Does Not Mean Sterility
This is important.
A low sperm count does not automatically mean that someone cannot contribute to a pregnancy.
Lower sperm numbers may reduce the probability of fertilisation, but conception may still occur naturally in some cases.
Similarly, someone can have a sperm count within a reference range and still experience fertility difficulties.
WHO explains that semen analysis can provide useful information about male reproductive function, but it cannot by itself confirm whether an individual is fertile or infertile.
Fertility involves several factors.
How Common Is Infertility?
Infertility is a major global health issue.
The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 1 in 6 people of reproductive age worldwide experience infertility during their lifetime.
WHO defines infertility as failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
Infertility can result from:
- male factors,
- female factors,
- a combination of factors affecting both partners,
- or unexplained causes.
This is why fertility problems should not automatically be blamed on either partner.
What Can Cause Low Sperm Count?
Producing healthy sperm requires several parts of the reproductive and hormonal systems to function properly.
Sometimes doctors can identify a cause.
In other cases, the exact cause remains unclear.
Possible causes and contributing factors include the following.
1. Varicocele
A varicocele is an enlargement of veins within the scrotum.
It is associated with male infertility and may affect sperm production or quality in some people.
Not every varicocele requires treatment.
A fertility specialist can determine whether treatment is appropriate based on symptoms, examination, semen results and individual circumstances.
2. Hormonal Problems
Sperm production depends on hormones involving the brain, pituitary gland and testicles.
Hormonal disorders can therefore affect sperm production.
Blood tests may sometimes be required when a healthcare professional suspects an underlying hormonal problem.
3. Infections
Certain infections can affect reproductive health.
Some infections may interfere with sperm production or sperm health, while others may cause inflammation or scarring that affects the reproductive tract.
Sexually transmitted infections can also affect fertility.
If an infection is suspected, appropriate testing and treatment are important.
4. Blockages in the Reproductive Tract
Sperm travel through a system of small tubes before being released in semen.
These tubes can sometimes become blocked because of:
- previous infection,
- injury,
- surgery,
- or conditions present from birth.
Treatment depends on where the blockage is located and what caused it.
5. Undescended Testicles
Some males are born with one or both testicles that did not descend normally into the scrotum.
A history of undescended testicles can be associated with reduced fertility later in life.
6. Genetic Conditions
Certain genetic conditions can interfere with sperm production.
When sperm numbers are extremely low or sperm are completely absent, a fertility specialist may recommend genetic testing in appropriate cases.
7. Some Medical Treatments
Certain treatments can affect sperm production.
These can include some:
- chemotherapy treatments,
- radiation treatments,
- hormonal treatments,
- medicines,
- and surgeries involving reproductive structures.
The effect varies depending on the particular treatment.
If future fertility is important before cancer treatment or another treatment known to affect fertility, ask about fertility preservation such as sperm freezing before treatment begins.
8. Anabolic Steroids and Testosterone
This deserves special attention.
Anabolic steroids used for bodybuilding can interfere with the hormonal signals needed for normal sperm production.
Taking external testosterone can also suppress sperm production.
Someone hoping to conceive should tell their healthcare professional about testosterone, anabolic steroids or other hormone products they use.
Never stop prescribed treatment without discussing it with the healthcare professional who manages it.
9. Smoking
Smoking tobacco is associated with poorer reproductive health and may negatively affect semen quality.
Stopping smoking benefits much more than fertility—it also reduces risks involving the heart, lungs and many other areas of health.
10. Excessive Alcohol
Heavy or ongoing alcohol consumption can affect testosterone and sperm production.
People trying to conceive should avoid excessive alcohol consumption.
11. Recreational Drugs
Some recreational drugs may negatively affect male reproductive function.
Drug use can also affect sexual function, hormone levels and general health.
If stopping a substance is difficult, professional support may help.
12. Obesity
Obesity is associated with male infertility and can affect reproductive hormones and sperm quality.
However, fertility problems should not simply be blamed on someone's body weight.
Many factors may be involved.
If weight management is appropriate, gradual improvements in nutrition, physical activity, sleep and overall health are preferable to extreme diets or unproven fertility supplements.
13. Environmental and Workplace Exposures
Certain environmental exposures may affect fertility.
Examples include excessive exposure to:
- some pesticides,
- organic solvents,
- heavy metals such as lead,
- radiation,
- and other reproductive toxins.
People who work around potentially hazardous substances should follow appropriate occupational safety procedures and use recommended protective equipment.
14. Excessive Heat
The testicles function at a temperature slightly below normal core body temperature.
Repeated or prolonged overheating of the scrotum may temporarily affect sperm production or function.
If you are trying to conceive, avoiding unnecessary prolonged heat exposure around the testicles is a reasonable precaution.
However, fertility is complicated, and occasional heat exposure does not mean someone will become infertile.
What About Laptops on the Lap?
The old version of this article stated that putting a laptop on your lap causes low sperm count.
The evidence is not strong enough to make such a simple cause-and-effect claim.
A laptop can generate heat, however, and prolonged direct use on the lap can increase temperature around the scrotum.
Using a desk or other suitable surface during long computer sessions is a reasonable way to reduce unnecessary heat exposure.
But a laptop should not automatically be blamed when someone has fertility difficulties.
Does Cycling Cause Low Sperm Count?
Cycling should not simply be listed as a cause of infertility.
Cycling provides valuable cardiovascular and general health benefits.
Very prolonged or intensive cycling may sometimes cause genital discomfort, numbness or other problems, particularly when bicycle fit or saddle position is poor.
Evidence concerning cycling and male fertility is mixed.
There is therefore no reason for most people to stop normal recreational cycling because they fear becoming infertile.
If cycling causes persistent genital numbness, pain or other symptoms, consider adjusting the bicycle setup and seek professional advice if symptoms continue.
Can Stress Affect Fertility?
Severe or prolonged stress can affect overall health, sexual function and wellbeing.
Research has also explored relationships between psychological stress and semen quality.
But infertility should not be dismissed as being caused simply by “stress.”
Fertility difficulties themselves can be extremely stressful.
Support from a healthcare professional, counsellor or fertility service may help individuals and couples cope with the emotional impact.
How Is Low Sperm Count Diagnosed?
The main test is a semen analysis.
A semen sample is examined in a laboratory to evaluate sperm and semen characteristics.
Because sperm numbers naturally vary and sample collection can influence results, a healthcare professional may recommend more than one semen analysis rather than making an important diagnosis from one sample.
Sperm production also takes time.
This means lifestyle changes made today may not be reflected immediately in a semen test.
What Happens During a Semen Analysis?
The laboratory examines the semen sample according to standardised procedures.
Instructions for collection should be followed carefully because an incomplete sample can affect the result.
Depending on the laboratory or fertility service, you may be asked to avoid ejaculation for a specified number of days before providing the sample.
WHO publishes an international laboratory manual designed to standardise the examination and processing of human semen.
If an initial result is abnormal, additional testing may be needed.
What Other Tests May Be Needed?
Depending on the results and medical history, further investigation can include:
- physical examination,
- hormone blood tests,
- scrotal ultrasound,
- genetic testing in selected cases,
- urine testing after ejaculation,
- tests for infection,
- and other specialised investigations.
Not everyone requires all of these tests.
The investigation should be tailored to the individual.
Can You Increase Your Sperm Count Naturally?
There is no guaranteed natural method that will increase sperm count in every person.
This is because low sperm count has many possible causes.
If the problem is caused by a hormonal disorder, obstruction, varicocele, genetic condition or another medical issue, eating a particular food is unlikely to solve the underlying problem.
Nevertheless, maintaining good overall health and avoiding known reproductive risks may help support normal fertility.
Lifestyle Habits That May Support Male Fertility
Don't Smoke
If you smoke, stopping is one of the most worthwhile changes you can make for your overall health and may also benefit reproductive health.
Avoid Recreational Drugs and Anabolic Steroids
Anabolic steroids are particularly important because they can substantially suppress sperm production.
Avoid Excessive Alcohol
Keep alcohol consumption moderate or avoid it, particularly when trying to conceive.
Eat a Balanced Diet
Aim for a varied diet containing:
- vegetables,
- fruits,
- whole grains,
- suitable protein sources,
- healthy fats,
- and a range of nutrient-rich foods.
Good nutrition supports general health and normal body function.
Exercise Regularly
Regular physical activity supports cardiovascular health, metabolic health, body-weight management and mental wellbeing.
Extreme exercise or anabolic-steroid use should not be confused with ordinary healthy physical activity.
Get Adequate Sleep
Sleep is an important part of overall health.
Maintain a regular sleep routine and aim for adequate, good-quality sleep.
Manage Excessive Heat Exposure
Avoid unnecessarily overheating the testicles for prolonged periods, especially when actively trying to conceive.
Reduce Harmful Chemical Exposure
Follow workplace and environmental safety guidance when working with pesticides, solvents, heavy metals or other potentially hazardous chemicals.
Do Oysters Increase Sperm Count?
The old KandyWandy article recommended eating eight or more oysters every week because oysters contain zinc.
That specific recommendation should be removed.
Zinc is an essential nutrient involved in normal reproductive function, and oysters are rich in zinc.
But this does not establish that eating eight oysters every week treats low sperm count.
More zinc is not automatically better.
A varied diet can provide zinc from several foods.
People with a diagnosed nutritional deficiency should receive appropriate dietary or medical advice rather than attempting to treat infertility with large amounts of one food.
Does Dark Chocolate Boost Sperm Production?
There is no strong evidence that eating dark chocolate is a reliable treatment for low sperm count.
Dark chocolate contains various plant compounds, but describing it as a “sperm booster” goes beyond the evidence.
It can certainly be enjoyed as part of a balanced diet, but it should not be marketed as fertility medicine.
What About Garlic, Walnuts and Ginseng?
Some foods and herbal products have been studied for possible effects on semen parameters.
But individual studies do not justify promising that garlic, walnuts, ginseng or another single food will correct male infertility.
A healthy dietary pattern matters more than searching for a miracle fertility food.
Do Fertility Supplements Work?
Many products are marketed to men using terms such as:
“increase sperm count,” “boost testosterone,” “male fertility formula” or “supercharge sperm.”
Be cautious.
Antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and herbal products have been studied for male infertility, but evidence is inconsistent and product quality varies.
Supplements can also:
- contain unnecessarily high doses,
- interact with medicines,
- cause side effects,
- or distract someone from finding the actual cause of infertility.
Do not assume that “natural” means effective or risk-free.
Discuss supplements with an appropriate healthcare professional, particularly if you take regular medication or have a medical condition.
How Is Low Sperm Count Treated?
Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Options may include:
Treating an Underlying Medical Problem
An infection, hormonal disorder or other condition may require specific treatment.
Surgery
Surgery may be appropriate in selected cases, such as certain varicoceles or blockages.
Surgery is not appropriate for every person with low sperm count.
Hormonal Treatment
Certain hormonal problems can be treated with medicines under specialist supervision.
Treatment for Sexual Problems
Erectile dysfunction, ejaculation problems and other sexual difficulties can sometimes interfere with conception and may be treatable.
Assisted Reproductive Technology
When natural conception is difficult, fertility specialists may discuss assisted reproductive options.
These can include:
- intrauterine insemination (IUI),
- in vitro fertilisation (IVF),
- and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
ICSI involves injecting a single sperm directly into an egg and can be useful in some cases of male-factor infertility.
Which treatment is appropriate depends on both partners' circumstances.
When Should You Seek Fertility Advice?
WHO defines infertility as not achieving pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
At that stage, both partners should generally be evaluated rather than assuming the problem belongs to one person.
Earlier medical advice may be appropriate if there are known fertility risk factors.
For men, these can include:
- previous testicular injury,
- undescended testicles,
- testicular surgery,
- chemotherapy or radiation,
- problems with erections or ejaculation,
- pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle,
- previous reproductive tract surgery,
- or another known reproductive condition.
Age and reproductive history of the other partner may also influence when fertility assessment should begin.
Male Infertility Is Not a Measure of Masculinity
Fertility problems can have a major emotional impact.
A low sperm count does not make someone less masculine, and infertility should not be treated as a source of shame.
WHO recognises infertility as a disease of the reproductive system and a global health issue affecting millions of people.
It can affect individuals, relationships and families.
Seeking appropriate medical care is a responsible health decision.
Fertility Is a Shared Issue
When a couple has difficulty conceiving, it is important not to automatically blame either person.
Male factors can contribute.
Female factors can contribute.
Both may contribute simultaneously.
And sometimes no definite cause can be found.
A fertility assessment therefore often involves evaluating both partners.
This approach is more medically accurate and can prevent unnecessary blame or stigma.
The Bottom Line
Low sperm count means that semen contains fewer sperm than expected, but sperm count alone does not determine whether someone is fertile.
Sperm movement, shape and function—as well as the reproductive health of both partners—also matter.
Possible causes of low sperm count include medical conditions, hormonal disorders, varicocele, infections, genetic factors, certain medicines and treatments, smoking, excessive alcohol, anabolic steroids, obesity, excessive heat and some environmental exposures.
Healthy lifestyle choices may support reproductive health, but there is no single food, herb, vitamin or supplement proven to “boost” sperm count in everyone.
Oysters, dark chocolate, garlic, walnuts and ginseng should therefore not be presented as guaranteed treatments.
If you are concerned about fertility, the most useful next step is appropriate medical evaluation, beginning with a health assessment and semen analysis when indicated.
Identifying the underlying cause gives you and your healthcare professional a much better basis for deciding what treatment—if any—is likely to help.
Medical Disclaimer
This article provides general health information for an international audience. It is not a substitute for individual medical advice, diagnosis or fertility treatment. Do not stop prescribed medication, testosterone or other medical treatment without consulting an appropriate healthcare professional. Anyone experiencing fertility difficulties or concerning reproductive symptoms should seek assessment from a qualified healthcare professional or fertility specialist.
Sources and Further Reading
World Health Organization — Infertility
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
World Health Organization — Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240115774
World Health Organization — Laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030787
Mayo Clinic — Low sperm count: Symptoms and causes
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sperm-count/symptoms-causes/syc-20374585
Mayo Clinic — Low sperm count: Diagnosis and treatment
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sperm-count/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374591